Energy Performance FAQs
What is an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC)?
An Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) shows how energy-efficient a property is, using a scale from A (most efficient) to G (least efficient). It also provides estimated energy costs and recommendations to improve efficiency. EPCs help compare properties based on energy performance.
What does EPC mean?
EPC stands for Energy Performance Certificate. It explains how efficiently a building uses energy and gives an indication of typical heating, lighting, and power costs. A higher rating usually means better efficiency and lower bills.
What does an EPC show?
An EPC shows the current and potential energy rating, estimated running costs, carbon emissions, and suggested improvements. It also includes key property details such as floor area and certificate issue date.
What does an EPC look like?
An EPC is issued as a digital document with a coloured A–G rating chart. It includes energy cost indicators, carbon impact information, and a clear list of recommended energy-saving measures.
What is the purpose of an EPC?
The purpose of an EPC is to help buyers and tenants understand and compare the energy efficiency of properties. It promotes informed decision-making, lower energy bills, and improved environmental performance.
What is an EPC in the UK?
In the UK, an EPC is a legal document required for most properties that are sold, rented, or newly built. It is stored on the national EPC register and must be made available to buyers or tenants.
Do I need an EPC?
Yes, you need an EPC if you are selling, renting, or constructing a property, unless a specific legal exemption applies. The certificate must be valid at the time the property is marketed.
Is an EPC a legal requirement?
Yes, EPCs are required under UK property regulations. Failing to provide one can result in fines, enforcement action, and restrictions on selling or letting the property.
Are EPCs still required?
Yes, EPCs remain mandatory for most residential and commercial properties in the UK. The rules continue to apply to landlords, sellers, and developers.
When is an EPC required?
An EPC must be obtained before a property is advertised for sale or rent. It must be shown to prospective buyers or tenants at the earliest opportunity.
When were EPCs introduced?
EPCs were introduced in the UK in 2007 as part of national and European energy-efficiency legislation aimed at reducing energy consumption.
Do landlords need an EPC?
Yes, landlords must have a valid EPC before letting a property. The EPC helps tenants understand expected energy costs and efficiency levels.
Do landlords have to provide an EPC free of charge?
Yes, landlords must provide a copy of the EPC to tenants at no cost. It must be given before the tenancy agreement is signed.
When must an EPC be shown to a tenant?
An EPC must be shown to prospective tenants at the earliest opportunity. A copy must be provided before the tenancy formally begins.
What is the minimum EPC rating for rental properties?
Rental properties in England and Wales must currently meet a minimum EPC rating of E. Properties rated F or G generally cannot be legally rented unless exempt.
What is the EPC C requirement?
The UK government plans to require most privately rented properties to reach a minimum EPC rating of C by 1 October 2030. This aims to reduce energy bills and fuel poverty.
What are MEES regulations?
MEES (Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards) set the legal minimum EPC rating landlords must meet. These rules prevent poorly performing properties from being rented.
Are listed buildings exempt from EPCs?
Some listed buildings may be exempt if energy improvements would unacceptably alter their character. However, exemptions are not automatic and must be properly justified.
What buildings are exempt from EPC requirements?
Exempt buildings may include temporary buildings, places of worship, some agricultural buildings, small stand-alone buildings under 50m², and buildings due for demolition.
How do I obtain an EPC?
You can obtain an EPC by booking an accredited energy assessor. The assessor inspects the property and issues the certificate after completing the assessment.
Who can issue an EPC?
Only qualified and accredited energy assessors registered with an approved accreditation scheme are allowed to issue EPCs.
Can a landlord carry out their own EPC?
No, landlords cannot issue their own EPCs. The assessment must be completed by an independent accredited assessor.
Does an estate agent arrange the EPC?
An estate agent may help arrange an EPC, but they cannot issue one themselves. Responsibility remains with the property owner or landlord.
What does an EPC assessment involve?
An EPC assessment involves a non-intrusive inspection of insulation, heating systems, glazing, lighting, and energy controls. No damage is caused to the property.
What is checked during an EPC?
Assessors check boilers, radiators, insulation levels, windows, lighting efficiency, and fuel types. These details are used to calculate the energy rating.
How long does an EPC assessment take?
Most domestic EPC assessments take between 30 and 60 minutes. Larger or more complex properties may take slightly longer.
How is an EPC calculated?
EPCs are calculated using government-approved software that assesses the building’s fabric and energy systems. Occupant behaviour is not taken into account.
What is SAP?
SAP (Standard Assessment Procedure) is mainly used for new-build properties where full construction and design data is available.
What is RdSAP?
RdSAP (Reduced Data SAP) is used for existing properties where full design details are unavailable, relying on observed features and standard assumptions.
What is the difference between SAP and RdSAP?
SAP uses detailed design information, while RdSAP uses simplified data for older buildings. Both follow government-approved calculation methods.
How long does an EPC last?
An EPC is valid for 10 years from the date of issue. It can be reused during this period unless replaced by a newer certificate.
Do EPCs expire?
Yes, EPCs automatically expire after 10 years. Once expired, a new EPC is required for selling or renting the property.
How often do I need a new EPC?
A new EPC is only required when the previous one expires or if you choose to commission an updated assessment after improvements.
What is a valid Energy Performance Certificate?
A valid EPC is one issued by an accredited assessor and still within its 10-year validity period.
How do I renew an EPC?
You renew an EPC by arranging a new assessment with an accredited energy assessor once the existing certificate expires.
How much does an EPC cost?
The cost of an EPC depends on the size and type of the property. Domestic EPCs are generally cheaper than commercial EPCs.
Who pays for the EPC?
The property owner or landlord is responsible for paying for the EPC. Tenants are not required to cover the cost.
Is VAT charged on EPCs?
VAT may apply depending on the EPC provider. This should be confirmed at the time of booking.
How can I find my EPC online?
You can find an EPC by searching the official EPC register using the property address or postcode.
What happens if I lose my EPC?
If the EPC is still valid, you can download a copy from the EPC register online without arranging a new assessment.
What is the EPC reference number (RRN)?
The RRN is a unique reference number used to locate, download, and verify an EPC on the official register.
Do EPC recommendations have to be carried out?
No, EPC recommendations are advisory. However, landlords may need to carry out improvements to meet minimum legal standards.
How can I improve my EPC rating?
Common improvements include insulation upgrades, efficient boilers, double glazing, improved heating controls, and renewable technologies such as solar panels.
Does a higher EPC rating mean lower energy bills?
Generally yes. A higher EPC rating indicates better energy efficiency, which usually leads to lower energy bills.
What penalties apply for EPC non-compliance?
Fines, enforcement notices, and limits on selling or renting the property are some of the possible penalties.
What happens if a rented property does not have an EPC?
If a rented property doesn't have a valid EPC, the landlord could be fined and not be able to legally rent it out.
What is a domestic Energy Performance Certificate?
A domestic EPC is for homes, like houses and apartments, and it is based on the RdSAP method.
What is a commercial Energy Performance Certificate?
Using the SBEM or DSM method, a commercial EPC applies to buildings that are not homes, like offices, stores, and warehouses.
What is a Display Energy Certificate (DEC)?
A Display Energy Certificate is for big public buildings and shows how much energy they actually use instead of how efficient they are expected to be.
Are EPC rules the same in Scotland and Northern Ireland?
No, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own EPC systems with their own rules.
Is an EPC required for new-build properties?
Yes, an EPC must be issued for all new-build homes before they can be sold or lived in.
Do schools or community centres need an EPC?
Most schools and big public buildings need a Display Energy Certificate. Community centers may need an EPC or DEC, depending on how big they are and what they are used for.
How old can an EPC be when selling or renting?
An EPC can be as old as 10 years, as long as it is still valid when it is being sold.
Why are EPCs important?
EPCs make the real estate market more open, help lower energy costs, support climate goals, and make sure the law is followed.
